General English Grammar Articles

Complete English grammar and vocabulary guide for all Assam competitive exams - ADRE, ADRE 2.0, APSC, Assam Police, SSC, Railway, DHS, Panchayat and other state recruitment exams. Covers tenses, parts of speech, voice, narration, prepositions, articles, idioms, one-word substitutions, synonyms-antonyms and common errors in simple, exam-oriented bilingual language (English and Assamese) to help you score full marks in the English section.

1. Tenses in a Nutshell

কাল (Tense) এক চমু আভাসত

Tense tells us the time of an action. There are three main tenses: present, past and future, each having four forms — simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous, making twelve tenses in total. The present simple is used for habits and general facts, for example 'She writes letters' or 'The sun rises in the east'. The present continuous shows an action happening now, like 'I am reading'. The present perfect shows an action just completed, such as 'He has finished his work'. The past simple describes a finished action in the past, like 'He visited Guwahati yesterday'. The past continuous shows an action going on in the past, like 'She was cooking when I arrived'. The past perfect shows an action completed before another past action, such as 'The train had left before we reached the station'. The future simple uses 'will' or 'shall', for example 'They will come tomorrow'. The future continuous is 'will be doing', the future perfect is 'will have done', and the future perfect continuous is 'will have been doing'. To answer tense questions in exams, first find the time word such as yesterday, now, tomorrow, since or for, and then match it with the correct form of the verb. Time words like 'since' and 'for' are used with the perfect tenses, since a point of time and for a period of time.

কালে (Tense) কামৰ সময় জনায়। তিনিটা মূল কাল আছে — বৰ্তমান, অতীত আৰু ভৱিষ্যত, প্ৰত্যেকৰ চাৰিটা ৰূপ আছে — Simple, Continuous, Perfect আৰু Perfect Continuous, মুঠতে বাৰটা কাল। অভ্যাস আৰু সাধাৰণ সত্য বাক্যত Present Simple ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'She writes letters' বা 'The sun rises in the east'। বৰ্তমান চলি থকা কাম বুজাবলৈ Present Continuous, যেনে 'I am reading'। এতিয়াই শেষ হোৱা কাম বুজাবলৈ Present Perfect, যেনে 'He has finished his work'। অতীতত সমাপ্ত হোৱা কাম বুজাবলৈ Past Simple, যেনে 'He visited Guwahati yesterday'। অতীতত চলি থকা কাম বুজাবলৈ Past Continuous, যেনে 'She was cooking when I arrived'। আন এটা অতীত কামৰ আগতে সম্পন্ন হোৱা কাম বুজাবলৈ Past Perfect, যেনে 'The train had left before we reached the station'। ভৱিষ্যত বুজাবলৈ 'will' বা 'shall', যেনে 'They will come tomorrow'। Future Continuous হৈছে 'will be doing', Future Perfect হৈছে 'will have done', আৰু Future Perfect Continuous হৈছে 'will have been doing'। পৰীক্ষাত কাল সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰশ্ন সমাধান কৰিবলৈ প্ৰথমে সময় বাচক শব্দ চাওক — যেনে yesterday, now, tomorrow, since বা for — আৰু তাৰ লগত মিল থকা ক্ৰিয়াৰ ৰূপ বাছি লওক। 'since' আৰু 'for' বাচক শব্দ দুটা Perfect কালত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, since সময়ৰ বিন্দুৰ বাবে আৰু for সময়ৰ পৰিসৰৰ বাবে।

Remember: time word + verb form must always match; three times × four forms = 12 tenses; since (point) / for (period).

2. Common Prepositions and Their Use

সাধাৰণ পদান্বয়ী (Preposition) আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Common prepositions are in, on, at, by, for, with, of, from, to and over. 'At' is used for a specific point of time, such as at 5 o'clock, at noon, at night; 'in' is used for months, years, seasons and parts of the day, like in March, in 2024, in the morning; 'on' is used for days and dates, such as on Monday, on 15th August. For places, we say at the station (point), in the city (enclosed area), on the table (surface). 'Since' is used with a point of time, like since 2020, and 'for' with a period of time, like for two years. 'By' shows the agent, as in a book written by Tagore. 'Of' shows possession or belonging, as in the roof of the house. 'With' means along with or by means of, as in 'He wrote with a pen'. 'From' shows the starting point, as in 'He comes from Assam'. 'To' shows direction, as in 'Go to school'. Some verbs take fixed prepositions, such as 'good at', 'afraid of', 'interested in', 'responsible for', 'depend on' and 'listen to'. These are called prepositional phrases. Learning these small rules and the fixed prepositions after common words helps a lot in fill-in-the-blanks questions, which are a regular part of Assam competitive exams.

পদান্বয়ী (Preposition) হৈছে সেই শব্দ যিয়ে বিশেষ্য বা সৰ্বনাম আৰু বাক্যৰ আন শব্দৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্ক দেখুৱায়। সাধাৰণ পদান্বয়ী: in, on, at, by, for, with, of, from, to আৰু over। সময়ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিন্দু বুজাবলৈ 'at', যেনে at 5 o'clock, at noon, at night; মাহ, বছৰ, ঋতু আৰু দিনৰ অংশৰ বাবে 'in', যেনে in March, in 2024, in the morning; দিন আৰু তাৰিখৰ বাবে 'on', যেনে on Monday, on 15th August। স্থানৰ বাবে আমি কওঁ at the station (বিন্দু), in the city (আৱদ্ধ এলেকা), on the table (পৃষ্ঠ)। সময়ৰ বিন্দুৰ সৈতে 'since', যেনে since 2020, আৰু সময়ৰ পৰিসৰৰ সৈতে 'for', যেনে for two years। কাম বা বস্তুৰ কৰ্তা বুজাবলৈ 'by', যেনে a book written by Tagore। স্বত্ব বা সম্বন্ধ বুজাবলৈ 'of', যেনে the roof of the house। 'with' অৰ্থাৎ সৈতে বা জৰিয়তে, যেনে 'He wrote with a pen'। আৰম্ভণি বিন্দু বুজাবলৈ 'from', যেনে 'He comes from Assam'। দিশ বুজাবলৈ 'to', যেনে 'Go to school'। কিছুমান ক্ৰিয়াৰ লগত নিৰ্দিষ্ট পদান্বয়ী লগ লাগে, যেনে 'good at', 'afraid of', 'interested in', 'responsible for', 'depend on' আৰু 'listen to'। এইবোৰক prepositional phrase বোলা হয়। এই সৰু নিয়মবোৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ শব্দৰ পিছত লগা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পদান্বয়ীবোৰ শিকিলে fill-in-the-blanks প্ৰশ্ন বহুত সহজ হয়, যিবোৰ অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাত নিয়মীয়াকৈ আহে।

Time: at (point) / in (month, year) / on (day, date); since (point) / for (period); fixed: good at, afraid of, interested in.

3. Articles: A, An and The

Article: A, An আৰু The

Articles are small words placed before nouns. There are two types: indefinite articles 'a' and 'an', and the definite article 'the'. 'A' is used before singular countable nouns beginning with a consonant sound, such as a book, a pen, a university (because university starts with a 'yu' sound). 'An' is used before singular countable nouns beginning with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u sounds), such as an apple, an elephant, an hour (because 'h' is silent in hour). Remember that the rule depends on the sound, not the spelling. We say 'a European' but 'an honest man'. 'The' is the definite article, used for a particular noun that is already known or has been mentioned before. Examples: the sun, the moon, the Ganges, the Himalayas, the United States. 'The' is used before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges, and the superlative degree, like the best student. 'The' is also used before a noun made particular by an adjective or phrase, such as the first chapter, the tallest boy. We do not use articles before proper nouns like Assam or Rahul, and we generally do not use 'a' or 'an' with uncountable nouns like water, rice or milk, unless we say 'a glass of water'. In exams, questions on articles test whether to put a, an, the or nothing before a given noun, and the silent letter and sound-based rules are very commonly asked.

Article হৈছে বিশেষ্যৰ আগত ৰখা সৰু শব্দ। দুই ধৰণৰ: অনিৰ্দিষ্ট article 'a' আৰু 'an', আৰু নিৰ্দিষ্ট article 'the'। ব্যঞ্জন ধ্বনিৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা একবচন গণনাযোগ্য বিশেষ্যৰ আগত 'a' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে a book, a pen, a university (কাৰণ university 'yu' ধ্বনিৰে আৰম্ভ হয়)। স্বৰ ধ্বনিৰে (a, e, i, o, u ধ্বনি) আৰম্ভ হোৱা একবচন গণনাযোগ্য বিশেষ্যৰ আগত 'an', যেনে an apple, an elephant, an hour (কাৰণ hour ত 'h' নীৰৱ)। মনত ৰাখিব, নিয়মটো বানানৰ ওপৰত নহয়, ধ্বনিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। আমি কওঁ 'a European' কিন্তু 'an honest man'। 'the' হৈছে নিৰ্দিষ্ট article, বিশেষ কোনো বিশেষ্য বুজাবলৈ বা আগতে উল্লেখ হোৱা বিশেষ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত। উদাহৰণ: the sun, the moon, the Ganges, the Himalayas, the United States। নদী, সাগৰ, মহাসাগৰ, পৰ্বতমালা আৰু তুলনাত্মক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ (superlative) ডিগ্ৰীৰ আগত 'the' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে the best student। বিশেষণ বা বাক্যাংশে নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা বিশেষ্যৰ আগতো 'the' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে the first chapter, the tallest boy। Assam বা Rahul ৰ দৰে নাম বাচক বিশেষ্যৰ আগত article নিদিওঁ, আৰু water, rice বা milk ৰ দৰে অগণনাযোগ্য বিশেষ্যৰ আগত সাধাৰণতে 'a' বা 'an' নিদিওঁ, যদিহে 'a glass of water' নকওঁ। পৰীক্ষাত দিয়া বিশেষ্যৰ আগত a, an, the নে একো নিদিব সেই প্ৰশ্ন আহে, আৰু নীৰৱ বৰ্ণ আৰু ধ্বনি সম্পৰ্কীয় নিয়ম অতি সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্ন।

'a' before consonant sound (a university); 'an' before vowel sound (an hour); 'the' for particular/unique nouns; no article before proper nouns.

4. Parts of Speech

পদসমূহ (Parts of Speech)

Words are divided into eight classes according to their work in a sentence, and these classes are called the parts of speech. The first is the noun, which names a person, place, thing or idea, such as Assam, teacher, river, honesty. The second is the pronoun, which replaces a noun, such as he, she, it, they, we. The third is the verb, which shows an action or state, such as run, eat, is, are. The fourth is the adjective, which describes a noun, such as good, tall, beautiful, red. The fifth is the adverb, which describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb, such as slowly, very, well. The sixth is the preposition, which shows the relationship between words, such as in, on, at, by. The seventh is the conjunction, which joins words or sentences, such as and, but, or, because. The eighth is the interjection, which shows sudden emotion, such as hurrah, alas, oh. It is very important to understand that the same word can be different parts of speech in different sentences. For example, in 'water the plants', water is a verb, but in 'drink water', water is a noun. In exams, a very common question type is to identify which part of speech an underlined word is, or to say how many parts of speech there are (eight). Another common question is to name the part of speech of a given word. So learn the definition of each with at least two examples.

বাক্যত থকা কাম অনুসাৰে শব্দবোৰক আঠটাত ভাগ কৰা হয়, আৰু এই ভাগবোৰকে পদ (Parts of Speech) বোলা হয়। প্ৰথম noun, যিয়ে ব্যক্তি, স্থান, বস্তু বা ভাৱৰ নাম দিয়ে, যেনে Assam, teacher, river, honesty। দ্বিতীয় pronoun, যিয়ে noun ৰ ঠাই লয়, যেনে he, she, it, they, we। তৃতীয় verb, যিয়ে কাম বা অৱস্থা দেখুৱায়, যেনে run, eat, is, are। চতুৰ্থ adjective, যিয়ে noun ৰ বৰ্ণনা দিয়ে, যেনে good, tall, beautiful, red। পঞ্চম adverb, যিয়ে verb, adjective বা আন adverb ৰ বৰ্ণনা দিয়ে, যেনে slowly, very, well। ষষ্ঠ preposition, যিয়ে শব্দৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্ক দেখুৱায়, যেনে in, on, at, by। সপ্তম conjunction, যিয়ে শব্দ বা বাক্য সংযোগ কৰে, যেনে and, but, or, because। অষ্টম interjection, যিয়ে হঠাৎ ভাৱ দেখুৱায়, যেনে hurrah, alas, oh। এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কথা মনত ৰাখিব লাগে, একেটা শব্দ বেলেগ বেলেগ বাক্যত বেলেগ বেলেগ পদ হ'ব পাৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'water the plants' বাক্যত water হৈছে verb, কিন্তু 'drink water' ত water হৈছে noun। পৰীক্ষাত এটা অতি সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্ন হৈছে ৰেখাংকিত শব্দটো কোন পদ, বা মুঠতে কিমানটা পদ আছে (আঠটা)। আন এটা সাধাৰণ প্ৰশ্ন হৈছে দিয়া শব্দটোৰ পদৰ নাম লিখা। সেয়ে প্ৰতিটো পদৰ সংজ্ঞা কমেও দুটাকৈ উদাহৰণসহ শিকি ৰাখিব।

8 parts: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; same word can be different parts in different sentences.

5. Nouns and Pronouns

বিশেষ্য আৰু সৰ্বনাম (Noun আৰু Pronoun)

A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, animal or idea. Nouns are divided into five types. The common noun names any member of a group, such as boy, city, river. The proper noun names a particular person, place or thing and always starts with a capital letter, such as Assam, Brahmaputra, Rahul. The collective noun names a group, such as a team, a crowd, a flock of birds. The abstract noun names an idea or quality that cannot be touched, such as honesty, beauty, courage. The material noun names a substance, such as water, gold, iron. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repeating it. Personal pronouns are I, we, you, he, she, it, they. These have three forms: the subjective form (I, he, she), the objective form (me, him, her), and the possessive form (my, his, her). For example, 'I saw him with his book'. Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves, such as myself, yourself, themselves, and are used when the subject and object are the same person, as in 'He hurt himself'. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, those. Relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that, and they join two sentences. Interrogative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which and what, used to ask questions. In exams, questions commonly test the correct pronoun form in a sentence and the types of nouns.

বিশেষ্য হৈছে সেই শব্দ, যি ব্যক্তি, স্থান, বস্তু, জন্তু বা ভাৱৰ নাম দিবলৈ ব্যৱহৃত হয়। বিশেষ্যক পাঁচটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়। Common noun য়ে এটা গোটৰ যিকোনো সদস্যৰ নাম দিয়ে, যেনে boy, city, river। Proper noun য়ে বিশেষ কোনো ব্যক্তি, স্থান বা বস্তুৰ নাম দিয়ে আৰু সদায় ডাঙৰ আখৰেৰে আৰম্ভ হয়, যেনে Assam, Brahmaputra, Rahul। Collective noun য়ে এটা গোটৰ নাম দিয়ে, যেনে a team, a crowd, a flock of birds। Abstract noun য়ে স্পৰ্শ কৰিব নোৱাৰা ভাৱ বা গুণৰ নাম দিয়ে, যেনে honesty, beauty, courage। Material noun য়ে পদাৰ্থৰ নাম দিয়ে, যেনে water, gold, iron। সৰ্বনাম হৈছে সেই শব্দ, যি বিশেষ্যৰ ঠাইত ব্যৱহৃত হয় যাতে বিশেষ্য পুনৰাবৃত্তি নকৰিব লাগে। Personal pronoun হৈছে I, we, you, he, she, it, they। ইহঁতৰ তিনিটা ৰূপ আছে: subject ৰূপ (I, he, she), object ৰূপ (me, him, her), আৰু possessive ৰূপ (my, his, her)। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'I saw him with his book'। Reflexive pronoun য়ে -self বা -selves ৰে শেষ হয়, যেনে myself, yourself, themselves, আৰু যেতিয়া subject আৰু object একেজন ব্যক্তি হয় তেতিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'He hurt himself'। Demonstrative pronoun হৈছে this, that, these, those। Relative pronoun হৈছে who, whom, whose, which, that, আৰু এইবোৰে দুটা বাক্য সংযোগ কৰে। Interrogative pronoun হৈছে who, whom, whose, which আৰু what, প্ৰশ্ন সোধাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত। পৰীক্ষাত বাক্যত শুদ্ধ pronoun ৰূপ আৰু বিশেষ্যৰ প্ৰকাৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰশ্ন সাধাৰণতে আহে।

5 noun types: common, proper, collective, abstract, material; pronouns: personal (I/me/my), reflexive (-self), relative (who/which).

6. Adjectives and Adverbs

বিশেষণ আৰু ক্ৰিয়া-বিশেষণ (Adjective আৰু Adverb)

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells us what kind, how many or which one. Examples are a red rose, a tall building, five books, this pen. Adjectives are of different types: descriptive adjectives (beautiful, honest), quantitative adjectives (some, much, a little), numeral adjectives (one, two, first, second), demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those), and possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her). An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where or to what extent. Examples of adverbs are 'He runs fast' (how), 'She came yesterday' (when), 'They live here' (where), and 'It is very hot' (to what extent). Adverbs of manner end in -ly, such as slowly, carefully, quickly, but note that 'fast', 'hard' and 'well' do not take -ly. The degree of comparison applies to both adjectives and adverbs. There are three degrees: positive (good, tall, fast), comparative (better, taller, faster) and superlative (best, tallest, fastest). The comparative is used when two things are compared, using 'than', as in 'Rahul is taller than Rohan'. The superlative is used when three or more things are compared, and it takes 'the' and 'of' or 'in', as in 'Rahul is the tallest boy in the class'. In exams, questions commonly ask to fill the correct form of comparison, so remember the rule: positive + than is wrong; it is always comparative + than.

বিশেষণ হৈছে সেই শব্দ, যিয়ে বিশেষ্য বা সৰ্বনামৰ বৰ্ণনা বা সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। ই কিমান প্ৰকাৰ, কিমান সংখ্যা বা কোনটো সেইটো কয়। উদাহৰণ: a red rose, a tall building, five books, this pen। বিশেষণ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ: descriptive (beautiful, honest), quantitative (some, much, a little), numeral (one, two, first, second), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), আৰু possessive (my, your, his, her)। ক্ৰিয়া-বিশেষণ হৈছে সেই শব্দ, যিয়ে verb, adjective বা আন adverb ৰ সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ বা বৰ্ণনা দিয়ে। ই কেনেকৈ, কেতিয়া, ক'ত বা কিমান দূৰ সেইটো কয়। উদাহৰণ: 'He runs fast' (কেনেকৈ), 'She came yesterday' (কেতিয়া), 'They live here' (ক'ত), আৰু 'It is very hot' (কিমান পৰিমাণে)। Manner ৰ adverb বোৰ -ly ৰে শেষ হয়, যেনে slowly, carefully, quickly, কিন্তু মনত ৰাখিব 'fast', 'hard' আৰু 'well' ত -ly নালাগে। তুলনাৰ ডিগ্ৰী adjective আৰু adverb দুয়োতে প্ৰযোজ্য। তিনিটা ডিগ্ৰী আছে: positive (good, tall, fast), comparative (better, taller, faster) আৰু superlative (best, tallest, fastest)। দুটা বস্তু তুলনা কৰিলে 'than' সহ comparative ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'Rahul is taller than Rohan'। তিনিটা বা তাতোধিক তুলনা কৰিলে superlative, আৰু ইয়াৰ আগত 'the' আৰু 'of' বা 'in' লগ লাগে, যেনে 'Rahul is the tallest boy in the class'। পৰীক্ষাত তুলনাৰ শুদ্ধ ৰূপ পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰশ্ন প্ৰায়ে আহে, সেয়ে নিয়মটো মনত ৰাখিব: positive + than ভুল; সদায় comparative + than হ'ব।

Adjective describes noun; adverb describes verb/adj/adv; degrees: positive, comparative, superlative; comparative + than; superlative + the...of/in.

7. Verbs and Subject-Verb Agreement

ক্ৰিয়া আৰু Subject-Verb Agreement

A verb is a word that expresses an action, an occurrence or a state of being. Verbs are of two main types: main verbs and helping (auxiliary) verbs. Main verbs show the main action, such as run, eat, write. Helping verbs help the main verb to form tense and mood; they are is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will, shall, can, could, may, might, must and should. Together, a helping verb and a main verb form the complete verb phrase. Verbs also have three principal forms: the base form (go), the past form (went) and the past participle (gone). Irregular verbs change completely in their past forms, such as go-went-gone, see-saw-seen, eat-ate-eaten. The subject-verb agreement rule says that a singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb. For example, 'He goes' but 'They go'; 'The boy plays' but 'The boys play'. Special cases: 'Each', 'every', 'either', 'neither' always take a singular verb, as in 'Each of the boys is present'. When two singular subjects are joined by 'or' or 'nor', the verb is singular, as in 'Neither Rohan nor Sohan is at home'. When two subjects are joined by 'and', the verb is plural, as in 'Ram and Shyam are friends'. The phrase 'a number of' takes a plural verb, but 'the number of' takes a singular verb. Questions on subject-verb agreement are very frequent in exams because they test careful reading of the subject of the sentence.

ক্ৰিয়া হৈছে সেই শব্দ, যিয়ে কাম, ঘটনা বা অৱস্থা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ক্ৰিয়া মূলত দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ: main verb আৰু helping (auxiliary) verb। Main verb য়ে মূল কাম দেখুৱায়, যেনে run, eat, write। Helping verb য়ে কাল আৰু ভাৱ গঠনত main verb ক সহায় কৰে; এইবোৰ হৈছে is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will, shall, can, could, may, might, must আৰু should। Helping verb আৰু main verb একেলগে সম্পূৰ্ণ verb phrase গঠন কৰে। ক্ৰিয়াৰ তিনিটা মূল ৰূপও আছে: base form (go), past form (went) আৰু past participle (gone)। Irregular verb বোৰ অতীত ৰূপত সম্পূৰ্ণ সলনি হয়, যেনে go-went-gone, see-saw-seen, eat-ate-eaten। Subject-verb agreement নিয়মত কোৱা হয়, singular subject এ singular verb আৰু plural subject এ plural verb লয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'He goes' কিন্তু 'They go'; 'The boy plays' কিন্তু 'The boys play'। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰ: 'Each', 'every', 'either', 'neither' সদায় singular verb লয়, যেনে 'Each of the boys is present'। 'or' বা 'nor' ৰে যুক্ত দুটা singular subject ৰ লগত verb singular হয়, যেনে 'Neither Rohan nor Sohan is at home'। 'and' ৰে যুক্ত দুটা subject ৰ লগত verb plural হয়, যেনে 'Ram and Shyam are friends'। 'a number of' বাক্যাংশে plural verb লয়, কিন্তু 'the number of' য়ে singular verb লয়। Subject-verb agreement ৰ প্ৰশ্ন পৰীক্ষাত অতি সঘনাই আহে, কাৰণ ই বাক্যৰ subject ভালকৈ পঢ়িবলৈ শিকায়।

Singular subject → singular verb; each/every/neither → singular; and → plural; a number of (plural) vs the number of (singular).

8. Active and Passive Voice

Active আৰু Passive Voice

Voice tells us whether the subject of a sentence performs the action or receives the action. In the active voice, the subject performs the action, as in 'Rahul writes a letter'. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action, as in 'A letter is written by Rahul'. To change a sentence from active to passive, we follow these steps: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence; the verb changes to the past participle form; and the helping verb 'be' comes before the past participle according to the tense; then the subject of the active sentence goes after 'by'. The tense of the passive sentence must remain the same as the active. For example, present simple active 'They play cricket' becomes passive 'Cricket is played by them'. Past simple active 'She wrote a book' becomes passive 'A book was written by her'. Present perfect active 'He has finished the work' becomes passive 'The work has been finished by him'. Future simple active 'They will build a bridge' becomes passive 'A bridge will be built by them'. Only sentences with an object (transitive verbs) can be changed into the passive. Intransitive verbs like 'sleep' and 'arrive' have no passive form. In exams, questions ask either to change the voice of a sentence or to identify the correct passive form. The most common mistakes happen with the 'be' verb, so remember the pattern: present = is/am/are + V3; past = was/were + V3; perfect = has been/have been/had been + V3; future = will be/shall be + V3.

Voice য়ে কয় যে বাক্যৰ subject টোৱে কামটো কৰিছে নে কামটো গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। Active voice ত subject য়ে কামটো কৰে, যেনে 'Rahul writes a letter'। Passive voice ত subject য়ে কামটো গ্ৰহণ কৰে, যেনে 'A letter is written by Rahul'। Active পৰা passive লৈ সলনি কৰিবলৈ এই স্তৰবোৰ মানিব লাগে: active বাক্যৰ object টো passive বাক্যৰ subject হয়; verb টো past participle ৰূপলৈ সলনি হয়; কাল অনুযায়ী past participle ৰ আগত 'be' helping verb আহে; তাৰ পিছত active বাক্যৰ subject টো 'by' ৰ পিছত যায়। Passive বাক্যৰ কাল active ৰ সৈতে একে থাকিব লাগে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, present simple active 'They play cricket' ৰ passive হৈছে 'Cricket is played by them'। Past simple active 'She wrote a book' ৰ passive 'A book was written by her'। Present perfect active 'He has finished the work' ৰ passive 'The work has been finished by him'। Future simple active 'They will build a bridge' ৰ passive 'A bridge will be built by them'। কেৱল object থকা বাক্যবোৰ (transitive verb) কে passive লৈ সলনি কৰিব পাৰি। 'sleep' আৰু 'arrive' ৰ দৰে intransitive verb ৰ passive ৰূপ নাই। পৰীক্ষাত বাক্যৰ voice সলনি কৰিবলৈ বা শুদ্ধ passive ৰূপ চিনাক্ত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰশ্ন আহে। আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ ভুল 'be' verb ৰ সৈতে হয়, সেয়ে আৰ্হিটো মনত ৰাখিব: present = is/am/are + V3; past = was/were + V3; perfect = has been/have been/had been + V3; future = will be/shall be + V3।

Active: subject does action; Passive: subject receives action. Rule: be + V3 + by. Pattern: is/was/has been/will be + V3.

9. Direct and Indirect Narration

Direct আৰু Indirect Narration

Narration is the way we report what someone has said. There are two ways: direct speech and indirect speech. In direct speech, we repeat the exact words of the speaker inside quotation marks, with a reporting verb. Example: He said, 'I am busy.' In indirect speech, we report the meaning without the exact words and without quotation marks. Example: He said that he was busy. When we change direct to indirect speech, three things change: the reporting verb, the tense of the reported speech, and the pronouns. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the reported speech moves one step back: present simple becomes past simple, present continuous becomes past continuous, present perfect becomes past perfect, past simple becomes past perfect, and will becomes would. Pronouns also change according to the person of the speaker. For example, 'I' changes to 'he' or 'she' depending on the speaker. If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the reported speech does not change. Universal truths do not change either, as in He said that the earth revolves around the sun. In imperative sentences (commands and requests), the verb changes to 'told' or 'requested', and 'to' comes before the verb, as in He said, 'Please help me' becomes He requested me to help him. In interrogative sentences, 'if' or 'whether' is used for yes/no questions, and the word order changes. Example: He asked me where I lived. Narration questions are very common in Assam competitive exams and require careful practice.

Narration হৈছে কাৰোবাৰ কোৱা কথাটো ৰিপ'ৰ্ট কৰাৰ ধৰণ। দুই ধৰণ: direct speech আৰু indirect speech। Direct speech ত আমি বক্তাজনৰ সঠিক শব্দবোৰ উদ্ধৃতি চিনৰ ভিতৰত ৰিপ'ৰ্টিং verb সহ পুনৰায় কওঁ। উদাহৰণ: He said, 'I am busy.' Indirect speech ত সঠিক শব্দ অবিহনে, উদ্ধৃতি চিন অবিহনে অৰ্থটো ৰিপ'ৰ্ট কৰো। উদাহৰণ: He said that he was busy. Direct পৰা indirect লৈ সলনি কৰোঁতে তিনিটা কথা সলনি হয়: ৰিপ'ৰ্টিং verb, ৰিপ'ৰ্টেড বাক্যৰ কাল, আৰু pronoun। যদি ৰিপ'ৰ্টিং verb টো অতীত কালত থাকে, তেন্তে ৰিপ'ৰ্টেড বাক্যৰ কালটো এটা পদ পিছুৱাই যায়: present simple হয় past simple, present continuous হয় past continuous, present perfect হয় past perfect, past simple হয় past perfect, আৰু will হয় would। বক্তাজনৰ পুৰুষ অনুযায়ী pronoun ৰ সলনি হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'I' বক্তাজন অনুযায়ী 'he' বা 'she' হয়। যদি ৰিপ'ৰ্টিং verb টো বৰ্তমান বা ভৱিষ্যত কালত থাকে, তেন্তে ৰিপ'ৰ্টেড বাক্যৰ কাল সলনি নহয়। চিৰন্তন সত্যও সলনি নহয়, যেনে He said that the earth revolves around the sun। Imperative বাক্যত (আদেশ আৰু অনুৰোধ) verb টো 'told' বা 'requested' হয়, আৰু verb ৰ আগত 'to' আহে, যেনে He said, 'Please help me' হয় He requested me to help him। Interrogative বাক্যত yes/no প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে 'if' বা 'whether' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, আৰু শব্দৰ ক্ৰম সলনি হয়। উদাহৰণ: He asked me where I lived। Narration ৰ প্ৰশ্ন অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাত অতি সাধাৰণ আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে সাৱধানে অনুশীলনৰ প্ৰয়োজন।

Indirect: remove quotes, backshift tense (+1 back), change pronouns. Imperative → told/requested + to; questions → if/whether.

10. Conjunctions and Sentence Connectors

সংযোজক (Conjunction) আৰু বাক্য সংযোজক

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases or sentences. Conjunctions are of three main types. Coordinating conjunctions join two equal parts, and they are remembered by the word FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. For example, 'I like tea and coffee' or 'He is poor but honest'. Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause with an independent clause, such as because, although, if, when, while, since, until and unless. For example, 'He stayed home because it was raining'. Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, such as either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also, and whether...or. For example, 'Either you or he has to go' and 'She is both intelligent and hardworking'. Some words look similar but have different meanings: 'although' means despite the fact that, while 'because' gives a reason; 'until' means up to the time that, while 'unless' means if not. Conjunctive adverbs such as however, therefore, moreover and otherwise also join ideas and show the relation between sentences. In exams, questions ask to fill the correct conjunction in a blank, or to choose the right pair of correlative conjunctions. A common trick is to remember that 'neither...nor' takes a singular verb, and 'either...or' takes the verb according to the nearer subject. These small rules help to answer sentence connector questions quickly and correctly.

সংযোজক হৈছে সেই শব্দ, যি শব্দ, বাক্যাংশ বা বাক্য সংযোগ কৰে। সংযোজক মূলত তিনিটা প্ৰকাৰৰ। Coordinating conjunction য়ে দুটা সমান অংশ সংযোগ কৰে, আৰু এইবোৰক FANBOYS শব্দৰে মনত ৰাখিব পাৰি: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'I like tea and coffee' বা 'He is poor but honest'। Subordinating conjunction য়ে এটা dependent clause ক independent clause ৰ লগত সংযোগ কৰে, যেনে because, although, if, when, while, since, until আৰু unless। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'He stayed home because it was raining'। Correlative conjunction যোৰাকৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also, আৰু whether...or। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'Either you or he has to go' আৰু 'She is both intelligent and hardworking'। কিছুমান শব্দ একে ধৰণৰ কিন্তু বেলেগ অৰ্থ: 'although' মানে হ'লেও, আনহাতে 'because' য়ে কাৰণ দিয়ে; 'until' মানে সেই সময়লৈকে, আনহাতে 'unless' মানে যদিহে নহয়। Conjunctive adverb যেনে however, therefore, moreover আৰু otherwise য়ে বাক্যৰ মাজতো ভাৱ সংযোগ আৰু সম্পৰ্ক দেখুৱায়। পৰীক্ষাত খালী ঠাইত শুদ্ধ conjunction পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ, বা শুদ্ধ correlative conjunction যোৰ বাছি ল'বলৈ প্ৰশ্ন আহে। এটা সাধাৰণ কৌশল হৈছে মনত ৰখা যে 'neither...nor' য়ে singular verb লয়, আৰু 'either...or' য়ে ওচৰৰ subject অনুযায়ী verb লয়। এই সৰু নিয়মবোৰে বাক্য সংযোজক প্ৰশ্ন দ্ৰুত আৰু শুদ্ধভাৱে উত্তৰ দিবলৈ সহায় কৰে।

Coordinating: FANBOYS; subordinating: because/although/if; correlative pairs: either...or, neither...nor, both...and.

11. Question Tags

Question Tag

A question tag is a short question added at the end of a statement, and it is used to confirm or ask for agreement. The basic rule is simple: if the statement is positive, the tag is negative, and if the statement is negative, the tag is positive. For example, 'She is beautiful, isn't she?' and 'He doesn't like tea, does he?' The tag is made of a helping verb and a pronoun, and it always uses the pronoun form of the subject. To form the tag, first identify the helping verb of the sentence. If there is no helping verb in the present or past simple tense, we use do, does or did. For example, 'They play cricket, don't they?' and 'Ritu wrote a letter, didn't she?' With the modal verbs can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might and must, we use the same modal in the tag, as in 'You can swim, can't you?' With 'I am', the tag is 'aren't I', as in 'I am late, aren't I?' The words 'never', 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'seldom', 'no', 'nothing' and 'nobody' make the statement negative, so the tag becomes positive, as in 'He never comes late, does he?' There is no negative tag for 'let's'; the tag is 'shall we', as in 'Let's go, shall we?' For imperative sentences beginning with 'don't', the tag is 'will you', as in 'Don't open the door, will you?' In exams, questions ask to choose the correct tag for a given sentence, so remember the golden rule: opposite sign + same helping verb + subject pronoun.

Question tag হৈছে এটা চমু প্ৰশ্ন, যিটো এটা উক্তিৰ শেষত যোগ কৰা হয়, নিশ্চিত বা সন্মতি ল'বলৈ ব্যৱহৃত। মূল নিয়মটো সহজ: উক্তিটো positive হ'লে tag টো negative, আৰু উক্তিটো negative হ'লে tag টো positive। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'She is beautiful, isn't she?' আৰু 'He doesn't like tea, does he?' Tag টো এটা helping verb আৰু এটা pronoun ৰে গঠিত, আৰু সদায় subject ৰ pronoun ৰূপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। Tag গঠন কৰিবলৈ প্ৰথমে বাক্যটোৰ helping verb চিনাক্ত কৰক। Present বা past simple কালত যদি helping verb নাথাকে, তেন্তে do, does বা did ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, 'They play cricket, don't they?' আৰু 'Ritu wrote a letter, didn't she?' Modal verb can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might আৰু must ৰ লগত tag ত একে modal ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'You can swim, can't you?' 'I am' ৰ লগত tag হয় 'aren't I', যেনে 'I am late, aren't I?' 'never', 'hardly', 'scarcely', 'seldom', 'no', 'nothing' আৰু 'nobody' শব্দবোৰে উক্তিটো negative কৰে, সেয়ে tag টো positive হয়, যেনে 'He never comes late, does he?' 'let's' ৰ বাবে negative tag নাই; tag হয় 'shall we', যেনে 'Let's go, shall we?' 'don't' ৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা imperative বাক্যত tag হয় 'will you', যেনে 'Don't open the door, will you?' পৰীক্ষাত দিয়া বাক্যটোৰ বাবে শুদ্ধ tag বাছিবলৈ প্ৰশ্ন আহে, সেয়ে সোণালী নিয়মটো মনত ৰাখিব: বিপৰীত চিন + একে helping verb + subject pronoun।

Positive statement → negative tag, negative → positive; use do/does/did if no helping verb; I am → aren't I; let's → shall we.

12. Degrees of Comparison

তুলনাৰ ডিগ্ৰী (Degrees of Comparison)

The degree of comparison shows the quality of a noun or pronoun in relation to others. There are three degrees. The positive degree describes one person or thing without any comparison, such as 'Rohit is a tall boy'. The comparative degree compares two persons or things and uses 'than', such as 'Rohit is taller than Mohan'. The superlative degree compares three or more and uses 'the' with 'of' or 'in', such as 'Rohit is the tallest of all'. To change from positive to comparative and superlative, we follow the pattern: positive 'tall', comparative 'taller', superlative 'tallest'. For longer words, we use 'more' and 'most', as in 'more beautiful' and 'most beautiful'. Irregular comparisons must be memorised: good/better/best, bad/worse/worst, many/more/most, little/less/least, far/farther/farthest. Two common methods of changing the degree: from superlative to comparative, remove the superlative and put the rest after 'than', as 'Rohit is the tallest boy' becomes 'Rohit is taller than any other boy'. From comparative to positive, we use 'as...as', as 'Rohit is taller than any other boy' becomes 'No other boy is as tall as Rohit'. When the sentence uses 'one of the', the comparative becomes 'taller than most other boys'. These transformations are frequently asked in Assam competitive exams, and the key to answering them is to identify which degree is given and which is asked, then apply the correct transformation pattern.

তুলনাৰ ডিগ্ৰীয়ে আনৰ তুলনাত এটা বিশেষ্য বা সৰ্বনামৰ গুণ দেখুৱায়। তিনিটা ডিগ্ৰী আছে। Positive ডিগ্ৰীয়ে কোনো তুলনা অবিহনে এজন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ বৰ্ণনা দিয়ে, যেনে 'Rohit is a tall boy'। Comparative ডিগ্ৰীয়ে দুজন ব্যক্তি বা দুটা বস্তু তুলনা কৰে আৰু 'than' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'Rohit is taller than Mohan'। Superlative ডিগ্ৰীয়ে তিনিজন বা তাতোধিক তুলনা কৰে আৰু 'of' বা 'in' সহ 'the' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'Rohit is the tallest of all'। Positive পৰা comparative আৰু superlative লৈ সলনি কৰিবলৈ আৰ্হিটো অনুসৰণ কৰো: positive 'tall', comparative 'taller', superlative 'tallest'। দীঘলীয়া শব্দৰ বাবে 'more' আৰু 'most' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'more beautiful' আৰু 'most beautiful'। Irregular তুলনা মনত ৰাখিব লাগিব: good/better/best, bad/worse/worst, many/more/most, little/less/least, far/farther/farthest। ডিগ্ৰী সলনিৰ দুই সাধাৰণ পদ্ধতি: superlative পৰা comparative লৈ, superlative আঁতৰাই বাকী অংশ 'than' ৰ পিছত ৰাখিব, যেনে 'Rohit is the tallest boy' হয় 'Rohit is taller than any other boy'। Comparative পৰা positive লৈ 'as...as' ব্যৱহাৰ হয়, যেনে 'Rohit is taller than any other boy' হয় 'No other boy is as tall as Rohit'। যেতিয়া বাক্যটোত 'one of the' থাকে, comparative হয় 'taller than most other boys'। এই ৰূপান্তৰবোৰ অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাত সঘনাই সোধা হয়, আৰু উত্তৰ দিয়াৰ মূল চাবিকাঠি হৈছে কোনটো ডিগ্ৰী দিয়া আছে আৰু কোনটো সোধা হৈছে চিনাক্ত কৰি শুদ্ধ ৰূপান্তৰ আৰ্হি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা।

Positive → comparative (+ than) → superlative (the + of/in); irregular: good/better/best, bad/worse/worst; one of the → most other.

13. Idioms and Phrases

অভিধা আৰু বাক্যাংশ (Idioms আৰু Phrases)

An idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the literal meaning of the individual words. Idioms and phrases are a favourite topic in English sections because they test true understanding of the language. Here are some very common idioms with their meanings. 'A piece of cake' means something very easy. 'Once in a blue moon' means very rarely. 'To kill two birds with one stone' means to achieve two things with one action. 'Break the ice' means to start a conversation in a friendly way. 'A blessing in disguise' means something good that seemed bad at first. 'Hit the nail on the head' means to say exactly the right thing. 'Call it a day' means to stop working for the day. 'Burn the midnight oil' means to work or study late at night. 'Let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret. 'Under the weather' means feeling ill. 'Cost an arm and a leg' means something very expensive. 'Spill the beans' means to tell a secret. 'To make ends meet' means to earn just enough to live. 'Actions speak louder than words' means what a person does matters more than what they say. 'The ball is in your court' means it is now your turn to act or decide. In exams, questions give an idiom and ask for its meaning, or give a sentence and ask which idiom fits best. The best way to prepare is to make a list of 20 to 30 common idioms with meanings and revise them regularly, because repeating questions from common idioms is very frequent in competitive exams.

অভিধা হৈছে শব্দৰ এটা গোট, যাৰ অৰ্থ ব্যক্তিগত শব্দবোৰৰ আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থতকৈ বেলেগ। Idiom আৰু phrase ইংৰাজী বিভাগৰ অতি প্ৰিয় বিষয়, কাৰণ ই ভাষাৰ প্ৰকৃত বুজ পৰীক্ষা কৰে। ইয়াত কিছুমান অতি সাধাৰণ idiom ইয়াৰ অৰ্থসহ দিয়া হ'ল। 'A piece of cake' মানে অতি সহজ কাম। 'Once in a blue moon' মানে অতি বিৰলভাৱে। 'To kill two birds with one stone' মানে এটা কামেৰে দুটা উদ্দেশ্য সাধন। 'Break the ice' মানে বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণভাৱে কথা আৰম্ভ কৰা। 'A blessing in disguise' মানে যিটো প্ৰথমতে বেয়া যেন লাগিছিল, পিছত ভাল হৈ পৰিছে। 'Hit the nail on the head' মানে একেবাৰে শুদ্ধ কথাটো কোৱা। 'Call it a day' মানে সেইদিনৰ কাম শেষ কৰা। 'Burn the midnight oil' মানে ৰাতি দেৰিলৈ কাম বা পঢ়া। 'Let the cat out of the bag' মানে গোপন কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰা। 'Under the weather' মানে অসুস্থ অনুভৱ কৰা। 'Cost an arm and a leg' মানে অতি ব্যয়বহুল। 'Spill the beans' মানে গোপন কথা কোৱা। 'To make ends meet' মানে বাচিবলৈ ঠিক যথেষ্ট উপাৰ্জন কৰা। 'Actions speak louder than words' মানে লোকে কি কয় তাতকৈ কি কৰে সেইটোৱে বেছি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। 'The ball is in your court' মানে এতিয়া কাম বা সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱাৰ পাল তোমাৰ। পৰীক্ষাত এটা idiom দি অৰ্থ সুধা হয়, বা এটা বাক্য দি কোনটো idiom ভাল খাপ খায় সোধা হয়। প্ৰস্তুতিৰ উত্তম উপায় হৈছে ২০-৩০টা সাধাৰণ idiom অৰ্থসহ এখন তালিকা বনাই নিয়মীয়াকৈ পুনৰালোচনা কৰা, কাৰণ সাধাৰণ idiom ৰ পৰা পুনৰাবৃত্তি প্ৰশ্ন অতি সঘনাই আহে।

A piece of cake = easy; once in a blue moon = rarely; break the ice = start talking; under the weather = ill; spill the beans = reveal secret.

14. One Word Substitutions

এক-শব্দ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা (One Word Substitution)

One word substitution means replacing a long phrase with a single word that has the same meaning. This is a very scoring topic in Assam competitive exams. Here are common examples grouped by theme. Person-related: 'one who cannot read or write' is illiterate; 'one who is unable to read or write at all' is also illiterate, but 'one who can use both hands equally well' is ambidextrous; 'one who speaks many languages' is multilingual; 'one who speaks two languages' is bilingual; 'one who is greedy for money' is avaricious; 'one who always thinks of himself' is selfish; 'one who does not believe in God' is atheist; 'one who is present everywhere' is omnipresent; 'one who knows everything' is omniscient; 'one who has power over everything' is omnipotent. Other groups: 'a place where birds are kept' is aviary; 'a place where bees are kept' is apiary; 'a place where weapons and ammunition are stored' is arsenal; 'a place where coins are made' is mint; 'a place where books are kept' is library; 'a book written by an unknown author' is anonymous; 'a book written about a person's life by himself' is autobiography; 'a life story written by another person' is biography; 'the study of the universe' is astronomy; 'the study of the origin and history of words' is etymology. Study of different subjects: 'the study of plants' is botany; 'the study of animals' is zoology; 'the study of ancient remains' is archaeology. The best method for this topic is to learn them in small groups and practise with previous year questions, because one word substitutions are repeated again and again in exams.

এক-শব্দ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা মানে দীঘলীয়া বাক্যাংশক একে অৰ্থৰ এটা শব্দেৰে সলনি কৰা। অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাত এইটো অতি স্ক'ৰিং বিষয়। ইয়াত বিষয় অনুসৰি কিছুমান সাধাৰণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হ'ল। ব্যক্তি সম্পৰ্কীয়: 'যি পঢ়িব বা লিখিব নোৱাৰে' হৈছে illiterate; 'যি দুয়ো হাত সমানে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে' হৈছে ambidextrous; 'যিয়ে বহু ভাষা কয়' হৈছে multilingual; 'যিয়ে দুটা ভাষা কয়' হৈছে bilingual; 'যি টকাৰ বাবে লোভী' হৈছে avaricious; 'যি সদায় নিজৰ কথা ভাবে' হৈছে selfish; 'যি ঈশ্বৰত বিশ্বাস নকৰে' হৈছে atheist; 'যি সৰ্বত্ৰ উপস্থিত' হৈছে omnipresent; 'যিয়ে সকলো জানে' হৈছে omniscient; 'যি সকলোৰে ওপৰত ক্ষমতাৱান' হৈছে omnipotent। আন গোট: 'য'ত চৰাই ৰখা হয়' হৈছে aviary; 'য'ত মৌ ৰখা হয়' হৈছে apiary; 'য'ত অস্ত্ৰ আৰু গুলী সংৰক্ষিত থাকে' হৈছে arsenal; 'য'ত মুদ্ৰা তৈয়াৰ হয়' হৈছে mint; 'য'ত কিতাপ ৰখা হয়' হৈছে library; 'অজ্ঞাত লেখকৰ দ্বাৰা লিখা কিতাপ' হৈছে anonymous; 'নিজৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী নিজে লিখা' হৈছে autobiography; 'আন এজনৰ দ্বাৰা লিখা জীৱনী' হৈছে biography; 'বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়ন' হৈছে astronomy; 'শব্দৰ উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাসৰ অধ্যয়ন' হৈছে etymology। বিষয়ৰ অধ্যয়ন: 'উদ্ভিদৰ অধ্যয়ন' হৈছে botany; 'প্ৰাণীৰ অধ্যয়ন' হৈছে zoology; 'পুৰণি স্মৃতিচিহ্নৰ অধ্যয়ন' হৈছে archaeology। এই বিষয়ৰ উত্তম পদ্ধতি হৈছে সৰু সৰু গোটত শিকা আৰু আগৰ বছৰৰ প্ৰশ্নৰে অনুশীলন কৰা, কাৰণ এক-শব্দ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা পৰীক্ষাত বাৰে বাৰে পুনৰাবৃত্তি হয়।

Omniscient = knows everything; omnipotent = almighty; omnipresent = everywhere; autobiography = own life; ambidextrous = both hands.

15. Synonyms and Antonyms

সমনাম আৰু বিপৰীতামন (Synonym আৰু Antonym)

Synonyms are words that have the same or nearly the same meaning, and antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Both are asked regularly in Assam competitive exams, so building a good word bank is essential. Some common synonyms: 'happy' means the same as joyful, cheerful, glad and delighted; 'beautiful' is the same as pretty, attractive, gorgeous and lovely; 'big' means large, huge, enormous and giant; 'brave' means courageous, fearless and valiant; 'quick' means fast, rapid, swift and speedy; 'smart' means intelligent, clever and brilliant; 'angry' means furious, annoyed and irritated; 'sad' means unhappy, sorrowful and gloomy. Some common antonyms: the antonym of 'happy' is sad; of 'beautiful' is ugly; of 'big' is small; of 'brave' is cowardly; of 'quick' is slow; of 'strong' is weak; of 'deep' is shallow; of 'ancient' is modern; of 'expand' is contract; of 'increase' is decrease. Words that are commonly confused with synonyms but are not the same: 'invent' means to create something new, while 'discover' means to find something that already exists; 'famous' means widely known for good reasons, while 'notorious' means widely known for bad reasons. A good method to prepare synonyms and antonyms is to learn words in pairs, such as 'happy-sad', 'ancient-modern', 'expand-contract', and then to learn two synonyms for each common word. Also learn the most commonly repeated pairs from previous year question papers. In the exam, when you do not know the exact meaning of a word, try to guess from the root of the word or from the context of the sentence, because this often gives the correct answer.

সমনাম হৈছে একে বা প্ৰায় একে অৰ্থৰ শব্দ, আৰু বিপৰীতামন হৈছে বিপৰীত অৰ্থৰ শব্দ। অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাত দুয়োটা নিয়মীয়াকৈ সোধা হয়, সেয়ে ভাল শব্দ-ভাণ্ডাৰ গঢ়ি তোলা অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। কিছুমান সাধাৰণ সমনাম: 'happy' ৰ অৰ্থ joyful, cheerful, glad আৰু delighted ৰ সৈতে একে; 'beautiful' হৈছে pretty, attractive, gorgeous আৰু lovely ৰ সৈতে একে; 'big' মানে large, huge, enormous আৰু giant; 'brave' মানে courageous, fearless আৰু valiant; 'quick' মানে fast, rapid, swift আৰু speedy; 'smart' মানে intelligent, clever আৰু brilliant; 'angry' মানে furious, annoyed আৰু irritated; 'sad' মানে unhappy, sorrowful আৰু gloomy। কিছুমান সাধাৰণ বিপৰীতামন: 'happy' ৰ বিপৰীত sad; 'beautiful' ৰ বিপৰীত ugly; 'big' ৰ বিপৰীত small; 'brave' ৰ বিপৰীত cowardly; 'quick' ৰ বিপৰীত slow; 'strong' ৰ বিপৰীত weak; 'deep' ৰ বিপৰীত shallow; 'ancient' ৰ বিপৰীত modern; 'expand' ৰ বিপৰীত contract; 'increase' ৰ বিপৰীত decrease। সমনাম বুলি ভুল হোৱা কিন্তু একে নহোৱা শব্দ: 'invent' মানে নতুন কিবা সৃষ্টি কৰা, আনহাতে 'discover' মানে আগতে থকা কিবা বিচাৰি উলিওৱা; 'famous' মানে ভাল কাৰণত সকলোৱে জনা, আনহাতে 'notorious' মানে বেয়া কাৰণত সকলোৱে জনা। সমনাম আৰু বিপৰীতামন প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ ভাল পদ্ধতি হৈছে যোৰাকৈ শিকা, যেনে 'happy-sad', 'ancient-modern', 'expand-contract', আৰু তাৰ পিছত প্ৰতিটো সাধাৰণ শব্দৰ বাবে দুটাকৈ সমনাম শিকা। আগৰ বছৰৰ প্ৰশ্নপত্ৰৰ পৰা আটাইতকৈ সঘনাই পুনৰাবৃত্তি হোৱা যোৰাবোৰো শিকি ৰাখিব। পৰীক্ষাত যেতিয়া এটা শব্দৰ সঠিক অৰ্থ নাজানি, শব্দটোৰ মূল বা বাক্যটোৰ পৰিপ্ৰেক্ষিতৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰক, কাৰণ ই প্ৰায়ে শুদ্ধ উত্তৰ দিয়ে।

Synonyms = same meaning; antonyms = opposite meaning; learn in pairs: happy-sad, big-small, strong-weak, ancient-modern.

16. Common Errors and Spotting the Error

সাধাৰণ ভুল আৰু ভুল চিনাক্তকৰণ

Spotting the error is one of the most important question types in Assam competitive exams, where a sentence is divided into parts and one part contains a grammatical mistake. Here are the most common errors that repeat in exams. First, subject-verb agreement errors: 'Each of the boys are' is wrong because 'each' takes a singular verb, so it should be 'Each of the boys is'. Second, pronoun errors: 'This is the man whom I know' is wrong because 'whom' is not needed after 'know' in this pattern; it should be 'This is the man I know'. 'Between you and I' is wrong; it should be 'Between you and me' because 'between' takes the objective case. Third, preposition errors: 'He is good in English' is wrong; it should be 'He is good at English'. 'She insisted to go' should be 'She insisted on going'. Fourth, article errors: 'He is a honest man' is wrong; it should be 'an honest man' because the 'h' is silent. Fifth, tense errors: 'I have seen him yesterday' is wrong because 'yesterday' takes the past simple, so it should be 'I saw him yesterday'. Sixth, comparison errors: 'He is more taller than me' is wrong; it should be 'He is taller than me' because we cannot use 'more' with the comparative form. Seventh, 'since' and 'for' errors: 'I am working here since 2020' should be 'I have been working here since 2020' because 'since' is used with the perfect tense. The best approach for error spotting is to read the sentence aloud, check the subject-verb agreement first, then the tense, then the preposition and article, and finally the word order. Regular practice with previous year questions is the only way to master this topic.

ভুল চিনাক্তকৰণ অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰশ্ন ধৰণ, য'ত এটা বাক্য অংশত ভাগ কৰা থাকে আৰু এটা অংশত ব্যাকৰণগত ভুল থাকে। ইয়াত পৰীক্ষাত বাৰে বাৰে অহা আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ ভুলবোৰ দিয়া হ'ল। প্ৰথম, subject-verb agreement ৰ ভুল: 'Each of the boys are' ভুল, কাৰণ 'each' য়ে singular verb লয়, সেয়ে 'Each of the boys is' হ'ব লাগে। দ্বিতীয়, pronoun ৰ ভুল: 'This is the man whom I know' ভুল, কাৰণ এই আৰ্হিত 'know' ৰ পিছত 'whom' প্ৰয়োজন নাই; সেয়ে 'This is the man I know' হ'ব লাগে। 'Between you and I' ভুল; 'Between you and me' হ'ব লাগে, কাৰণ 'between' য়ে objective case লয়। তৃতীয়, preposition ৰ ভুল: 'He is good in English' ভুল; 'He is good at English' হ'ব লাগে। 'She insisted to go' হ'ব লাগে 'She insisted on going'। চতুৰ্থ, article ৰ ভুল: 'He is a honest man' ভুল; 'an honest man' হ'ব লাগে, কাৰণ 'h' নীৰৱ। পঞ্চম, কালৰ ভুল: 'I have seen him yesterday' ভুল, কাৰণ 'yesterday' য়ে past simple লয়; সেয়ে 'I saw him yesterday' হ'ব লাগে। ষষ্ঠ, তুলনাৰ ভুল: 'He is more taller than me' ভুল; 'He is taller than me' হ'ব লাগে, কাৰণ comparative ৰূপৰ সৈতে 'more' ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰি। সপ্তম, 'since' আৰু 'for' ৰ ভুল: 'I am working here since 2020' হ'ব লাগে 'I have been working here since 2020', কাৰণ 'since' perfect কালত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ভুল চিনাক্তকৰণৰ উত্তম পদ্ধতি হৈছে বাক্যটো উচ্চস্বৰে পঢ়া, প্ৰথমে subject-verb agreement পৰীক্ষা কৰা, তাৰ পিছত কাল, তাৰ পিছত preposition আৰু article, আৰু শেষত শব্দৰ ক্ৰম। আগৰ বছৰৰ প্ৰশ্নৰ সৈতে নিয়মীয়া অনুশীলনেই এই বিষয় আয়ত্ত কৰাৰ একমাত্ৰ উপায়।

Check order: subject-verb → tense → preposition → article; common traps: each+is, between+me, good+at, an honest, more taller (wrong).

17. Sentence Transformation and Synthesis

বাক্য ৰূপান্তৰ আৰু সংযোজন

Sentence transformation means changing the structure of a sentence without changing its meaning. The most common transformations asked in exams are between simple, compound and complex sentences. A simple sentence has one independent clause, such as 'He worked hard and passed'. A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction, such as 'He worked hard, so he passed'. A complex sentence has one main clause and one subordinate clause, such as 'Because he worked hard, he passed'. To convert a simple sentence to a compound sentence, we can split the participle and join with 'and', 'but' or 'so'. To convert to a complex sentence, we introduce 'because', 'when', 'if' or 'though'. Other important transformations: changing an affirmative sentence to a negative without changing the meaning, such as 'He is honest' becomes 'He is not dishonest'; changing a negative to affirmative, such as 'He is never late' becomes 'He is always punctual'. Removing 'too...to' to use 'so...that...cannot', as in 'He is too weak to walk' becomes 'He is so weak that he cannot walk'. Changing the interrogative to assertive, such as 'Who does not love his country?' becomes 'Everyone loves his country'. The process of joining two or more simple sentences into one sentence is called synthesis. The most useful joining words are and, but, so, when, while, because, although and if. In exams, questions ask to combine sentences, or to change the type of a sentence, and the key rule is that the meaning must never change.

বাক্য ৰূপান্তৰ মানে অৰ্থ নসলনিয়াকৈ বাক্যৰ গঠন সলনি কৰা। পৰীক্ষাত সোধা আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ ৰূপান্তৰবোৰ হৈছে simple, compound আৰু complex বাক্যৰ মাজত। Simple বাক্যত এটা independent clause থাকে, যেনে 'He worked hard and passed'। Compound বাক্যত এটা coordinating conjunction ৰে যুক্ত দুটা independent clause থাকে, যেনে 'He worked hard, so he passed'। Complex বাক্যত এটা মূল clause আৰু এটা subordinate clause থাকে, যেনে 'Because he worked hard, he passed'। Simple বাক্য compound লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ participle ভাগ কৰি 'and', 'but' বা 'so' ৰে সংযোগ কৰিব পাৰি। Complex লৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰিবলৈ 'because', 'when', 'if' বা 'though' সুমুৱাব লাগে। আন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ৰূপান্তৰ: অৰ্থ নসলনিয়াকৈ affirmative বাক্য negative লৈ, যেনে 'He is honest' হয় 'He is not dishonest'; negative বাক্য affirmative লৈ, যেনে 'He is never late' হয় 'He is always punctual'। 'too...to' আঁতৰাই 'so...that...cannot' ব্যৱহাৰ, যেনে 'He is too weak to walk' হয় 'He is so weak that he cannot walk'। Interrogative বাক্য assertive লৈ, যেনে 'Who does not love his country?' হয় 'Everyone loves his country'। দুই বা তাতোধিক simple বাক্যক এক বাক্যত সংযোগ কৰা প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোক synthesis বোলা হয়। আটাইতকৈ উপযোগী সংযোজক শব্দবোৰ হৈছে and, but, so, when, while, because, although আৰু if। পৰীক্ষাত বাক্য সংযোগ কৰিবলৈ, বা বাক্যৰ ধৰণ সলনি কৰিবলৈ প্ৰশ্ন আহে, আৰু মূল নিয়মটো হৈছে অৰ্থ কেতিয়াও সলনি নহ'ব লাগে।

Simple (1 clause) → Compound (and/but/so) → Complex (because/when/if); too...to → so...that...cannot; meaning must not change.

18. Punctuation and Spelling

বিৰাম চিন আৰু বানান

Punctuation is the use of marks to make the meaning of a sentence clear. The full stop (.) ends a statement, such as 'Assam is a beautiful state.' The question mark (?) ends a question, such as 'Where are you going?' The exclamation mark (!) shows strong emotion, such as 'What a wonderful place!' The comma (,) shows a short pause and separates items in a list, such as 'I bought rice, dal, and vegetables.' The semicolon (;) joins two related sentences without a conjunction, such as 'He worked hard; he succeeded.' The colon (:) introduces a list or an explanation, such as 'You need three things: pen, paper and ink.' The apostrophe (') shows possession or a missing letter, such as 'Rina's book' and 'don't'. Quotation marks (' ') or double quotation marks (" ") enclose the exact words of a speaker. The hyphen (-) joins two words, such as 'well-known', and the dash (—) shows a break in a sentence. The capital letter is used at the beginning of a sentence, for the first person 'I', and for proper nouns such as Assam, Monday and December. In spelling questions, candidates are often asked to find the correctly spelt word among four options, or to find the misspelt word. Some commonly misspelt words are: accommodate, embarrassment, necessary, occurrence, privilege, separate, and definitely. A good way to remember correct spellings is to break the word into parts and to practise writing the tricky words repeatedly. In exams, punctuation and spelling together form a small but scoring part, so they should not be ignored.

বিৰাম চিন হৈছে বাক্যৰ অৰ্থ স্পষ্ট কৰিবলৈ চিন ব্যৱহাৰ। Full stop (.) য়ে উক্তি শেষ কৰে, যেনে 'Assam is a beautiful state.' Question mark (?) য়ে প্ৰশ্ন শেষ কৰে, যেনে 'Where are you going?' Exclamation mark (!) য়ে তীব্ৰ ভাৱ দেখুৱায়, যেনে 'What a wonderful place!' Comma (,) য়ে চমু ৰুকি দেখুৱায় আৰু তালিকাত বস্তু পৃথক কৰে, যেনে 'I bought rice, dal, and vegetables.' Semicolon (;) য়ে conjunction অবিহনে দুটা সম্পৰ্কিত বাক্য সংযোগ কৰে, যেনে 'He worked hard; he succeeded.' Colon (:) য়ে তালিকা বা ব্যাখ্যা আৰম্ভ কৰে, যেনে 'You need three things: pen, paper and ink.' Apostrophe (') য়ে স্বত্ব বা মিলি যোৱা আখৰ দেখুৱায়, যেনে 'Rina's book' আৰু 'don't'। Quotation mark (' ') বা double quotation mark (" ") য়ে বক্তাজনৰ সঠিক শব্দ আৱদ্ধ কৰে। Hyphen (-) য়ে দুটা শব্দ সংযোগ কৰে, যেনে 'well-known', আৰু dash (—) য়ে বাক্যত ভাগ দেখুৱায়। Capital letter বাক্যৰ আৰম্ভণিত, প্ৰথম পুৰুষ 'I' ৰ বাবে, আৰু Assam, Monday, December ৰ দৰে নাম বাচক বিশেষ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। বানান প্ৰশ্নত চাৰিটা বিকল্পৰ ভিতৰত শুদ্ধ বানান বিচাৰিবলৈ বা ভুল বানান চিনাক্ত কৰিবলৈ সোধা হয়। কিছুমান সঘনাই ভুল বানানৰ শব্দ: accommodate, embarrassment, necessary, occurrence, privilege, separate, আৰু definitely। শুদ্ধ বানান মনত ৰখাৰ ভাল উপায় হৈছে শব্দটো ভাগে ভাগে চোৱা আৰু কঠিন শব্দবোৰ বাৰে বাৰে লিখি অনুশীলন কৰা। পৰীক্ষাত বিৰাম চিন আৰু বানান দুয়ো একেলগে সৰু কিন্তু স্ক'ৰিং অংশ, সেয়ে এইবোৰ অৱহেলা কৰা উচিত নহয়।

Full stop (ends), comma (pause/list), apostrophe (possession/contraction), quotes (speech); tricky spellings: necessary, accommodate, separate.

19. Reading Comprehension Strategy

পাঠ বোধগম্যতা (Reading Comprehension) কৌশল

Reading comprehension is a passage followed by questions, and it appears in almost every Assam competitive exam. The passage is usually taken from a book, newspaper or magazine, and the questions test understanding, not memorisation. The best strategy is to follow these steps. First, read the questions before reading the passage, so that you know what to look for. Second, read the passage quickly to get the general idea, underlining important words and numbers as you read. Third, read the passage again carefully, and this time find the exact answers to the questions. Fourth, answer the questions one by one, and be careful with words like 'not', 'except' and 'all of the above' because these change the meaning of the question completely. For vocabulary questions in a passage, use the surrounding words (context clues) to guess the meaning of an unknown word. For the main idea question, look at the first and last sentences of the paragraph, because the main idea is usually found there. For the title question, choose the option that covers the whole passage and is short. Time management is very important, so do not spend too long on one question; skip it and come back later. Practice daily with one short passage, and read English newspapers regularly to improve your speed. In the examination hall, keep calm, because the passage is the same difficulty for everyone, and the answers are always there in the text itself.

পাঠ বোধগম্যতা হৈছে এটা অনুচ্ছেদ আৰু তাৰ পিছত প্ৰশ্ন, আৰু প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো অসমীয়া প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাত ই আহে। অনুচ্ছেদটো সাধাৰণতে কিতাপ, বাতৰি কাকত বা আলোচনীৰ পৰা লোৱা হয়, আৰু প্ৰশ্নবোৰে মনত ৰখা নহয়, বুজ পৰীক্ষা কৰে। উত্তম কৌশল হৈছে এই স্তৰবোৰ অনুসৰণ কৰা। প্ৰথম, অনুচ্ছেদ পঢ়াৰ আগতে প্ৰশ্নবোৰ পঢ়ক, যাতে কি বিচাৰিব লাগে জনা যায়। দ্বিতীয়, সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা পাবলৈ অনুচ্ছেদটো দ্ৰুতভাৱে পঢ়ক, পঢ়োঁতে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ শব্দ আৰু সংখ্যাবোৰত ৰেখাংকন কৰক। তৃতীয়, অনুচ্ছেদটো আকৌ সাৱধানে পঢ়ক, আৰু এইবাৰ প্ৰশ্নবোৰৰ সঠিক উত্তৰ বিচাৰক। চতুৰ্থ, প্ৰশ্নবোৰ এটা এটাকৈ উত্তৰ দিয়ক, আৰু 'not', 'except' আৰু 'all of the above' ৰ দৰে শব্দবোৰৰ প্ৰতি সাৱধান হওক, কাৰণ এইবোৰে প্ৰশ্নৰ অৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণ বদলাই দিয়ে। অনুচ্ছেদত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে অজ্ঞাত শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ অনুমান কৰিবলৈ ওচৰৰ শব্দবোৰ (context clues) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। মূল ভাৱৰ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে অনুচ্ছেদৰ প্ৰথম আৰু শেষ বাক্য চাওক, কাৰণ মূল ভাৱটো সাধাৰণতে তাতে থাকে। শিৰোনামৰ প্ৰশ্নৰ বাবে সেই বিকল্পটো বাছক যিটো গোটেই অনুচ্ছেদক আৱৰি আছে আৰু চমু। সময় পৰিচালনা অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, সেয়ে এটা প্ৰশ্নত বেছি সময় নিদিওক; বাদ দি পিছত ঘূৰি আহক। দৈনিক এটা চমু অনুচ্ছেদ অনুশীলন কৰক, আৰু গতি উন্নত কৰিবলৈ নিয়মীয়াকৈ ইংৰাজী বাতৰি কাকত পঢ়ক। পৰীক্ষাগৃহত শান্ত থাকক, কাৰণ অনুচ্ছেদটো সৰ্বজনীনভাৱে একে কঠিনতাৰ, আৰু উত্তৰবোৰ সদায় পাঠতেই আছে।

Read questions first → skim passage → find exact answers; watch for not/except; main idea in first/last sentences; manage time.

20. Letter and Essay Writing Basics

চিঠি আৰু ৰচনা লিখাৰ মূল কথা

Letter and essay writing appears in descriptive English tests of some competitive exams and also in school board examinations. A formal letter is written to officials, institutions or companies, and it has a fixed format: the sender's address at the top right, the date below it, the receiver's address on the left, then the subject line, the salutation 'Sir' or 'Madam', the body divided into short paragraphs, and at the end 'Yours faithfully' with the signature. A formal letter should be polite, to the point and written in clear language. An informal letter is written to friends and family, and it ends with 'Yours lovingly' or 'Yours affectionately'. An essay has three parts: the introduction, the body and the conclusion. The introduction should state the topic in two or three sentences. The body should have two to four paragraphs, each dealing with one main point with examples. The conclusion should summarise the main points and give a final opinion. Some important tips for essay writing: plan the essay before writing, use simple and correct sentences, keep the word limit in mind, use linking words such as 'firstly', 'moreover' and 'therefore', and always leave time to check spelling and grammar. Common essay topics for Assam exams are pollution, importance of education, our festivals, computer, television, and the Internet. Practising one essay and one letter every week with a fixed time limit is the best way to prepare, because in the examination hall you cannot afford to think and write slowly.

চিঠি আৰু ৰচনা লিখা কিছুমান প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাৰ বৰ্ণনামূলক ইংৰাজী পৰীক্ষাত আৰু স্কুল বৰ্ড পৰীক্ষাত আহে। এটা ৰাজকীয় চিঠি বিষয়া, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা কোম্পানীলৈ লিখা হয়, আৰু ইয়াৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিন্যাস আছে: ওপৰত সোঁফালে পঠোৱাজনৰ ঠিকনা, তাৰ তলত তাৰিখ, বাওঁফালে গ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ ঠিকনা, তাৰ পিছত বিষয়ৰ শাৰী, সম্বোধন 'Sir' বা 'Madam', চমু অনুচ্ছেদত বিভক্ত দেহভাগ, আৰু শেষত স্বাক্ষৰসহ 'Yours faithfully'। ৰাজকীয় চিঠি বিনয়ী, সীমাবদ্ধ আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষাত হ'ব লাগে। অনানুষ্ঠানিক চিঠি বন্ধু আৰু পৰিয়াললৈ লিখা হয়, আৰু ই 'Yours lovingly' বা 'Yours affectionately' ৰে শেষ হয়। ৰচনাৰ তিনিটা অংশ: ভূমিকা, দেহভাগ আৰু উপসংহাৰ। ভূমিকাত বিষয়টো দুটা-তিনিটা বাক্যত উল্লেখ কৰিব লাগে। দেহভাগত দুইৰ পৰা চাৰিটা অনুচ্ছেদ থাকিব লাগে, প্ৰতিটোত উদাহৰণসহ এটা মূল বিন্দু। উপসংহাৰত মূল বিন্দুবোৰ সাৰাংশ হিচাপে দি চূড়ান্ত মতামত দিব লাগে। ৰচনা লিখাৰ কিছুমান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ টিপছ: লিখাৰ আগত পৰিকল্পনা কৰক, সহজ আৰু শুদ্ধ বাক্য ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক, শব্দ সীমা মনত ৰাখিব, 'firstly', 'moreover' আৰু 'therefore' ৰ দৰে সংযোজক শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক, আৰু বানান আৰু ব্যাকৰণ পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সদায় সময় ৰাখিব। অসমৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰচনা বিষয় হৈছে প্ৰদূষণ, শিক্ষাৰ গুৰুত্ব, আমাৰ উৎসৱবোৰ, কম্পিউটাৰ, দূৰদৰ্শন আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট। নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়সীমা ৰাখি সপ্তাহত এটা ৰচনা আৰু এটা চিঠি অনুশীলন কৰাই উত্তম প্ৰস্তুতি, কাৰণ পৰীক্ষাগৃহত লেহেমীয়াকৈ ভাবি লিখিব পৰা নাযায়।

Formal letter: address, date, subject, Sir/Madam, Yours faithfully; essay: intro, body, conclusion; plan before writing.

General English Grammar Articles - Overview

General English Grammar Articles is part of the free study material on axomexam.in for Assam and central government recruitment examinations. The topics on this page are arranged in a logical study order so that you can build the concept first and then test yourself with the linked question sets.

How to prepare General English Grammar Articles

  • Read the topic notes once, then attempt the related questions to test your recall.
  • Mark the facts you keep forgetting and revise them in short, repeated sessions.
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Practise General English Grammar Articles here with bilingual questions that carry a clear explanation for every answer. The set is aligned with the English section of ADRE, APSC, Assam Police, SSC and Railway examinations, and is prepared from standard reference material and reviewed before it is published.

Author: Axom Exam TeamReference source: standard English grammar and vocabulary reference material and online resourcesPublished: 29 August 2026

এই পৃষ্ঠাৰ সমল অসমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰতিটো প্ৰশ্ন দ্বিভাষিক আৰু প্ৰতিটো উত্তৰ চমুকৈ ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে। সমল মানক প্ৰসংগ পুথি আৰু বিশ্বাসযোগ্য অনলাইন উৎসৰ আধাৰত প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়।

লেখক: Axom Exam Teamপ্ৰসংগ উৎস: মানক প্ৰসংগ পুথি আৰু বিশ্বাসযোগ্য অনলাইন উৎসপ্ৰকাশিত: 29 আগষ্ট 2026